VivoGenie Anti-Human PD-1 (Spartalizumab) - Fc Reduced Biosimilar

PD-1 is a transmembrane protein in the CD28/CTLA-4 subfamily of the Ig superfamily. When stimulated via the T cell receptor (TCR), Tregs translocate PD-1 to the cell surface. Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1; CD274; B7H1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2; CD273; B7DC) have been identified as PD-1 ligands. PD-1 is co-expressed with PD-L1 on tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Additionally, PD-1 is co-expressed with IL2RA on activated CD4 + T cells. PD-1 is an immune checkpoint receptor that suppresses cancer-specific immune responses. Additionally, PD-1 acts as a T cell inhibitory receptor and plays a critical role in peripheral tolerance induction and autoimmune disease prevention as well as important roles in the survival of dendritic cells, macrophage phagocytosis, and tumor cell glycolysis. PD-1 prevents uncontrolled T cell activity, leading to attenuation of T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and cytolytic activities. Additionally, the PD-1 pathway is a major mechanism of tumor immune evasion, and, as such, PD-1 is a target of cancer immunotherapy. Spartalizumab is a humanized IgG4 anti-PD1 antibody that has been tested for the treatment of various cancers. Spartalizumab binds PD-1 with sub-nanomolar affinity and blocks interactions with ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2, leading to T cell activation.