Assay type:	Sandwich
Format:	96T
Assay time:	4.5h
Reactivity:	Human
Detection method:	Chemiluminescence
Detection range:	31.25-2000 pg/mL
Sensitivity:	18.75 pg/mL
Sample volume:	100µL
Sample type:	Serum, plasma and other biological fluids
Repeatability:	CV < 15%
Specificity:	This kit recognizes Human DMD in samples. No significant cross-reactivity or interference between Human DMD and analogues was observed.

This kit uses Sandwich-CLIA as the method. The micro CLIA plate provided in this kit has been pre-coated with an antibody specific to Human DMD. Standards or samples are added to the appropriate micro CLIA plate wells and combined with the specific antibody. Then a biotinylated detection antibody specific for Human DMD and Avidin-Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) conjugate are added to each micro plate well successively and incubated. Free components are washed away. The substrate solution is added to each well. Only those wells that contain Human DMD, biotinylated detection antibody and Avidin-HRP conjugate will appear fluorescence. The Relative light unit (RLU) value is measured spectrophotometrically by the Chemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer. The RLU value is positively associated with the concentration of Human DMD. The concentration of Human DMD in the samples can be calculated by comparing the RLU of the samples to the standard curve.

UniProt Protein Function:	dystrophin: Anchors the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton via F-actin. Ligand for dystroglycan. Component of the dystrophin- associated glycoprotein complex which accumulates at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and at a variety of synapses in the peripheral and central nervous systems and has a structural function in stabilizing the sarcolemma. Also implicated in signaling events and synaptic transmission. Defects in DMD are the cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). DMD is the most common form of muscular dystrophy; a sex-linked recessive disorder. It typically presents in boys aged 3 to 7 year as proximal muscle weakness causing waddling gait, toe-walking, lordosis, frequent falls, and difficulty in standing up and climbing up stairs. The pelvic girdle is affected first, then the shoulder girdle. Progression is steady and most patients are confined to a wheelchair by age of 10 or 12. Flexion contractures and scoliosis ultimately occur. About 50% of patients have a lower IQ than their genetic expectations would suggest. There is no treatment. Defects in DMD are the cause of Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). BMD resembles DMD in hereditary and clinical features but is later in onset and more benign. Defects in DMD are a cause of cardiomyopathy dilated X- linked type 3B (CMD3B); also known as X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy (XLCM). Dilated cardiomyopathy is a disorder characterized by ventricular dilation and impaired systolic function, resulting in congestive heart failure and arrhythmia. Patients are at risk of premature death. 6 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.
UniProt Protein Details:	Protein type:Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Cytoskeletal Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: Xp21. 2 Cellular Component: filopodium membrane; cell surface; protein complex; costamere; syntrophin complex; Z disc; cytosol; cell-matrix junction; lipid raft; actin cytoskeleton; dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex; postsynaptic membrane; cytoskeleton; plasma membrane; synapse; nucleus; sarcolemma; lateral plasma membrane; filopodium Molecular Function:protein binding; myosin binding; zinc ion binding; structural constituent of cytoskeleton; structural constituent of muscle; nitric-oxide synthase binding; actin binding; vinculin binding Biological Process: regulation of skeletal muscle contraction via regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion; muscle development; extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis; regulation of heart rate; negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation; peptide biosynthetic process; muscle filament sliding; muscle maintenance; cellular protein complex assembly; regulation of skeletal muscle contraction; muscle fiber development; positive regulation of neuron differentiation; cardiac muscle contraction Disease: Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 3b; Muscular Dystrophy, Becker Type; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne Type
NCBI Summary:	This gene spans a genomic range of greater than 2 Mb and encodes a large protein containing an N-terminal actin-binding domain and multiple spectrin repeats. The encoded protein forms a component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), which bridges the inner cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. Deletions, duplications, and point mutations at this gene locus may cause Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), or cardiomyopathy. Alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing result in numerous distinct transcript variants and protein isoforms for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]
UniProt Code:	P11532
NCBI GenInfo Identifier:	313104240
NCBI Gene ID:	1756
NCBI Accession:	P11532. 3
UniProt Secondary Accession:	P11532,P11531, P11530,
UniProt Related Accession:	P11532
Molecular Weight:	427kDa
NCBI Full Name:	Dystrophin
NCBI Synonym Full Names:	dystrophin
NCBI Official Symbol:	DMD
NCBI Official Synonym Symbols:	BMD; CMD3B; MRX85; DXS142; DXS164; DXS206; DXS230; DXS239; DXS268; DXS269; DXS270; DXS272
NCBI Protein Information:	dystrophin
UniProt Protein Name:	Dystrophin
Protein Family:	Dystrophin
UniProt Gene Name:	DMD
UniProt Entry Name:	DMD_HUMAN

As the RLU values of the standard curve may vary according to the conditions of the actual assay performance (e. g. operator, pipetting technique, washing technique or temperature effects), the operator should establish a standard curve for each test. Typical standard curve and data is provided below for reference only.

Concentration (pg/mL)	RLU	Average	Corrected
2000	51744 59698	55721	55693
1000	23924 24024	23974	23946
500	11531 10533	11032	11004
250	4990 5598	5294	5266
125	2800 2416	2608	2580
62.5	1337 1285	1311	1283
31.25	650 698	674	646
0	27 29	28	--

Precision

Intra-assay Precision (Precision within an assay): 3 samples with low, mid range and high level Human DMD were tested 20 times on one plate, respectively.

Inter-assay Precision (Precision between assays): 3 samples with low, mid range and high level Human DMD were tested on 3 different plates, 20 replicates in each plate.

	Intra-assay Precision			Inter-assay Precision
Sample	1	2	3	1	2	3
n	20	20	20	20	20	20
Mean (pg/mL)	104.54	224.07	923.09	105.32	227.03	876.23
Standard deviation	11.04	23.17	92.03	9.26	21.61	95.42
C V (%)	10.56	10.34	9.97	8.79	9.52	10.89

Recovery

The recovery of Human DMD spiked at three different levels in samples throughout the range of the assay was evaluated in various matrices.

Sample Type	Range (%)	Average Recovery (%)
Serum (n=5)	97-113	105
EDTA plasma (n=5)	100-114	108
Cell culture media (n=5)	90-106	96

Linearity

Samples were spiked with high concentrations of Human DMD and diluted with Reference Standard & Sample Diluent to produce samples with values within the range of the assay.

		Serum (n=5)	EDTA plasma (n=5)	Cell culture media (n=5)
1:2	Range (%)	95-111	87-98	99-114
1:2	Average (%)	102	92	104
1:4	Range (%)	95-108	86-98	90-105
1:4	Average (%)	101	92	96
1:8	Range (%)	97-109	97-110	102-115
1:8	Average (%)	103	104	108
1:16	Range (%)	95-109	100-111	94-110
1:16	Average (%)	102	106	102

An unopened kit can be stored at 4°C for 1 month. If the kit is not used within 1 month, store the items separately according to the following conditions once the kit is received.

Item	Specifications	Storage
Micro CLIA Plate(Dismountable)	8 wells ×12 strips	-20°C, 6 months
Reference Standard	2 vials
Concentrated Biotinylated Detection Ab (100×)	1 vial, 120 µL
Concentrated HRP Conjugate (100×)	1 vial, 120 µL	-20°C(shading light), 6 months
Reference Standard & Sample Diluent	1 vial, 20 mL	4°C, 6 months
Biotinylated Detection Ab Diluent	1 vial, 14 mL
HRP Conjugate Diluent	1 vial, 14 mL
Concentrated Wash Buffer (25×)	1 vial, 30 mL
Substrate Reagent A	1 vial, 5 mL	4°C (shading light)
Substrate Reagent B	1 vial, 5 mL	4°C (shading light)
Plate Sealer	5 pieces
Product Description	1 copy
Certificate of Analysis	1 copy

Set standard, test sample and control (zero) wells on the pre-coated plate and record theirpositions. It is recommended to measure each standard and sample in duplicate. Note: addall solutions to the bottom of the plate wells while avoiding contact with the well walls. Ensuresolutions do not foam when adding to the wells.
Aliquot 100µl of standard solutions into the standard wells.
Add 100µl of Sample / Standard dilution buffer into the control (zero) well.
Add 100µl of properly diluted sample (serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and otherbiological fluids. ) into test sample wells.
Cover the plate with the sealer provided in the kit and incubate for 90 min at 37°C.
Aspirate the liquid from each well, do not wash. Immediately add 100µL of BiotinylatedDetection Ab working solution to each well. Cover the plate with a plate seal and gently mix. Incubate for 1 hour at 37°C.
Aspirate or decant the solution from the plate and add 350µL of wash buffer to each welland incubate for 1-2 minutes at room temperature. Aspirate the solution from each well andclap the plate on absorbent filter paper to dry. Repeat this process 3 times. Note: a microplatewasher can be used in this step and other wash steps.
Add 100µL of HRP Conjugate working solution to each well. Cover with a plate seal andincubate for 30 min at 37°C.
Aspirate or decant the solution from each well. Repeat the wash process for five times asconducted in step 7.
Add 100µL of Substrate mixture solution to each well. Cover with a new plate seal andincubate for no more than 5 min at 37°C. Protect the plate from light.
Determine the RLU value of each well immediately.