Rat PKM2 ELISA Kit (RTFI00213)- High Sensitivity

Product Name:	Rat Pkm2 (Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2) ELISA Kit
Product Code:	RTFI00213
Size:	96 Assays
Target:	Rat Pkm2
Alias:	Pkm2, Pykm, Pykm, Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1, M2, Pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme
Reactivity:	Rat
Detection Method:	Sandwich ELISA, Double Antibody
Sensitivity:	0.75IU/ml
Range:	1.25-80IU/ml
Storage:	4°C for 6 months
Note:	For Research Use Only

Recovery:

Matrices listed below were spiked with certain level of Rat Pkm2 and the recovery rates were calculated by comparing the measured value to the expected amount of Rat Pkm2 in samples.

Matrix	Recovery range(%)	Average(%)
serum(n=5)	89-105	99
EDTA plasma(n=5)	90-101	94
UFH plasma(n=5)	90-103	96

Linearity:

The linearity of the kit was assayed by testing samples spiked with appropriate concentration of Rat Pkm2 and their serial dilutions. The results were demonstrated by the percentage of calculated concentration to the expected.

Sample	1:2	1:4	1:8
serum(n=5)	91-100%	95-104%	87-104%
EDTA plasma(n=5)	83-96%	83-94%	83-101%
UFH plasma(n=5)	85-97%	82-97%	85-96%

Intra-Assay:

CV <8%

Inter-Assay:

CV <10%

Uniprot:

P11980

UniProt Protein Function:	PKM2: one of three rate-limiting enzymes in glycolysis. It catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, yielding one molecule ATP and a pyruvate molecule, which is a central metabolic intermediate that can be used as a building block or oxidized further. Overexpressed in a variety of cancers. Interacts with thyroid hormone, and thus may mediate cellular metabolic effects induced by thyroid hormones. Binds Opa protein, a bacterial outer membrane protein involved in gonococcal adherence to and invasion of human cells, suggesting a role of this protein in bacterial pathogens is. There are several mammalian isozymes of pyruvate kinase encoded by different genes. The L type predominates in liver, and the M type in muscle and brain. Two alternatively spliced human isoforms of PKM2 have been reported.
UniProt Protein Details:	Protein type:Mitochondrial; EC 2.7.1.40; Kinase, other; Nucleotide Metabolism - purine; Carbohydrate Metabolism - pyruvate; Carbohydrate Metabolism - glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Cellular Component: extracellular matrix; mitochondrion; cytoplasm; plasma membrane; nucleus; myelin sheath; vesicle; cilium Molecular Function:potassium ion binding; protein binding; magnesium ion binding; ADP binding; pyruvate kinase activity; ATP binding Biological Process: response to gravity; pyruvate biosynthetic process; organ regeneration; glycolysis; programmed cell death; glucose metabolic process; skeletal muscle regeneration; liver development; response to insulin stimulus; response to organic substance; ATP biosynthetic process; response to hypoxia; phosphorylation; response to nutrient; response to muscle inactivity
NCBI Summary:	M1 and M2 isozymes of pyruvate kinase; catalyzes the conversion of ATP and pyruvate to ADP and phosphoenolpyruvate in glycolysis [RGD, Feb 2006]
UniProt Code:	P11980
NCBI GenInfo Identifier:	16757994
NCBI Gene ID:	25630
NCBI Accession:	NP_445749.1
UniProt Secondary Accession:	P11980,P11981,
UniProt Related Accession:	P11980
Molecular Weight:	57,781 Da
NCBI Full Name:	pyruvate kinase PKM
NCBI Synonym Full Names:	pyruvate kinase, muscle
NCBI Official Symbol:	Pkm
NCBI Official Synonym Symbols:	Pk3; Pkm2; PKM12
NCBI Protein Information:	pyruvate kinase PKM
UniProt Protein Name:	Pyruvate kinase PKM
UniProt Synonym Protein Names:	Pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme
Protein Family:	Pyruvate kinase
UniProt Gene Name:	Pkm
UniProt Entry Name:	KPYM_RAT

Step	Procedure
1.	Set standard, test sample and control (zero) wells on the pre-coated plate respectively, and then, record their positions. It is recommended to measure each standard and sample in duplicate. Wash plate 2 times before adding standard, sample and control (zero) wells!
2.	Aliquot 0.1ml standard solutions into the standard wells.
3.	Add 0.1 ml of Sample / Standard dilution buffer into the control (zero) well.
4.	Add 0.1 ml of properly diluted sample ( Human serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids.) into test sample wells.
5.	Seal the plate with a cover and incubate at 37°C for 90 min.
6.	Remove the cover and discard the plate content, clap the plate on the absorbent filter papers or other absorbent material. Do NOT let the wells completely dry at any time. Wash plate X2.
7.	Add 0.1 ml of Biotin- detection antibody working solution into the above wells (standard, test sample & zero wells). Add the solution at the bottom of each well without touching the side wall.
8.	Seal the plate with a cover and incubate at 37°C for 60 min.
9.	Remove the cover, and wash plate 3 times with Wash buffer. Let wash buffer rest in wells for 1 min between each wash.
10.	Add 0.1 ml of SABC working solution into each well, cover the plate and incubate at 37°C for 30 min.
11.	Remove the cover and wash plate 5 times with Wash buffer, and each time let the wash buffer stay in the wells for 1-2 min.
12.	Add 90 µL of TMB substrate into each well, cover the plate and incubate at 37°C in dark within 10-20 min. (Note: This incubation time is for reference use only, the optimal time should be determined by end user.) And the shades of blue can be seen in the first 3-4 wells (with most concentrated standard solutions), the other wells show no obvious color.
13.	Add 50 µL of Stop solution into each well and mix thoroughly. The color changes into yellow immediately.
14.	Read the O.D. absorbance at 450 nm in a microplate reader immediately after adding the stop solution.

When carrying out an ELISA assay it is important to prepare your samples in order to achieve the best possible results. Below we have a list of procedures for the preparation of samples for different sample types.

Sample Type	Protocol
Serum:	If using serum separator tubes, allow samples to clot for 30 minutes at room temperature. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1,000x g. Collect the serum fraction and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. If serum separator tubes are not being used, allow samples to clotovernight at 2-8°C. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1,000x g. Removeserum and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at-80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
Plasma:	Collect plasma using EDTA or heparin as an anti-coagulant. Centrifuge samples at 4°C for 15 mins at 1000 × g within 30 mins of collection. Collect the plasma fraction and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.Note: Over haemolysed samples are not suitable for use with this kit.
Urine & Cerebrospinal Fluid:	Collect the urine (mid-stream) in a sterile container, centrifuge for 20 mins at 2000-3000 rpm. Remove supernatant and assay immediately. If any precipitation is detected, repeat the centrifugation step. A similar protocol can be used for cerebrospinal fluid.
Cell Culture Supernatant:	Collect the cell culture media by pipette, followed by centrifugation at 4°C for 20 mins at 1500 rpm. Collect the clear supernatant and assay immediately.
Cell Lysates:	Solubilize cells in lysis buffer and allow to sit on ice for 30 minutes. Centrifuge tubes at 14,000 x g for 5 minutes to remove insoluble material. Aliquot the supernatant into a new tube and discard the remaining whole cell extract. Quantify total protein concentration using a total protein assay. Assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤ -20°C.
Tissue Homogenates:	The preparation of tissue homogenates will vary depending upon tissue type. Rinse tissue with 1X PBS to remove excess blood & homogenizein 20ml of 1X PBS (including protease inhibitors) and store overnight at ≤ -20°C. Two freeze-thaw cycles are required to break the cell membranes. To further disrupt the cell membranes you can sonicate the samples. Centrifuge homogenates for 5 mins at 5000xg. Remove the supernatant and assay immediately or aliquot and store at -20°C or-80°C.
Tissue Lysates:	Rinse tissue with PBS, cut into 1-2 mm pieces, and homogenize with a tissue homogenizer in PBS. Add an equal volume of RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitors and lyse tissues at room temperature for 30 minutes with gentle agitation. Centrifuge to remove debris. Quantify total protein concentration using a total protein assay. Assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤ -20 °C.
Breast Milk:	Collect milk samples and centrifuge at 10,000 x g for 60 min at 4°C. Aliquot the supernatant and assay. For long term use, store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles.