Product Name:	Human NDUFS1 (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1) ELISA Kit
Product Code:	HUFI07534
Size:	96 Assays
Alias:	NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit ELISA Kit, mitochondrial ELISA Kit, Complex I-75kD ELISA Kit, CI-75kD ELISA Kit, NDUFS1 ELISA Kit
Detection method:	Sandwich ELISA, Double Antibody
Application:	This immunoassay kit allows for the in vitro quantitative determination of Human NDUFS1 (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1) concentrations in serum plasma and other biological fluids.
Sensitivity:	< 0.094ng/ml
Range:	0.156-10ng/ml
Storage:	4°C for 6 months
Note:	For Research Use Only

Recovery:

Matrices listed below were spiked with certain level of Human NDUFS1 (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1) and the recovery rates were calculated by comparing the measured value to the expected amount of Human NDUFS1 (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1) in samples.

Matrix	Recovery range(%)	Average(%)
serum(n=5)	86-104	95
EDTA plasma(n=5)	87-102	91
heparin plasma(n=5)	88-98	94

Linearity:

The linearity of the kit was assayed by testing samples spiked with appropriate concentration of Human NDUFS1 (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1) and their serial dilutions. The results were demonstrated by the percentage of calculated concentration to the expected.

Sample	1:2	1:4	1:8
serum(n=5)	85-102%	89-104%	90-101%
EDTA plasma(n=5)	85-101%	88-101%	84-99%
UFH plasma(n=5)	83-100%	86-99%	84-94%

CV(%):

Intra-Assay: CV<8%
Inter-Assay: CV<10%

Component	Quantity	Storage
ELISA Microplate (Dismountable)	8×12 strips	4°C for 6 months
Lyophilized Standard	2	4°C/-20°C
Sample/Standard Dilution Buffer	20ml	4°C
Biotin-labeled Antibody(Concentrated)	120ul	4°C (Protect from light)
Antibody Dilution Buffer	10ml	4°C
HRP-Streptavidin Conjugate(SABC)	120ul	4°C (Protect from light)
SABC Dilution Buffer	10ml	4°C
TMB Substrate	10ml	4°C (Protect from light)
Stop Solution	10ml	4°C
Wash Buffer(25X)	30ml	4°C
Plate Sealer	5	-

Other materials and equipment required:

Microplate reader with 450 nm wavelength filter
Multichannel Pipette, Pipette, microcentrifuge tubes and disposable pipette tips
Incubator
Deionized or distilled water
Absorbent paper
Buffer resevoir

UniProt Protein Function:	NDUFS1: Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. This is the largest subunit of complex I and it is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme. It may form part of the active site crevice where NADH is oxidized. Defects in NDUFS1 are a cause of mitochondrial complex I deficiency (MT-C1D). A disorder of the mitochondrial respiratory chain that causes a wide range of clinical disorders, from lethal neonatal disease to adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. Phenotypes include macrocephaly with progressive leukodystrophy, non-specific encephalopathy, cardiomyopathy, myopathy, liver disease, Leigh syndrome, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and some forms of Parkinson disease. Belongs to the complex I 75 kDa subunit family. 4 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.
UniProt Protein Details:	Protein type:Mitochondrial; EC 1.6.99.3; EC 1.6.5.3; Oxidoreductase; Energy Metabolism - oxidative phosphorylation Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 2q33-q34 Cellular Component: mitochondrion; mitochondrial inner membrane; mitochondrial intermembrane space; mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I Molecular Function:2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding; protein binding; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity; electron carrier activity; metal ion binding; 4 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding Biological Process: ATP metabolic process; cellular metabolic process; apoptotic mitochondrial changes; regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential; mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone; cellular respiration Disease: Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency
NCBI Summary:	The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the complex I 75 kDa subunit family. Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. It locates at the mitochondrial inner membrane. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It transfers electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. This protein is the largest subunit of complex I and it is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme. It may form part of the active site crevice where NADH is oxidized. Mutations in this gene are associated with complex I deficiency. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]
UniProt Code:	P28331
NCBI GenInfo Identifier:	92090799
NCBI Gene ID:	4719
NCBI Accession:	P28331.3
UniProt Secondary Accession:	P28331,Q53TR8, Q8N1C4, Q8TCC9, B4DIN9, B4DJA0, B4DPG1 B4DUC1, E7ENF3,
UniProt Related Accession:	P28331
Molecular Weight:	727
NCBI Full Name:	NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial
NCBI Synonym Full Names:	NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 1, 75kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)
NCBI Official Symbol:	NDUFS1
NCBI Official Synonym Symbols:	CI-75k; CI-75Kd; PRO1304
NCBI Protein Information:	NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial; complex I 75kDa subunit; complex I, mitochondrial respiratory chain, 75-kD subunit; mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit
UniProt Protein Name:	NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial
UniProt Synonym Protein Names:	Complex I-75kD; CI-75kD
UniProt Gene Name:	NDUFS1
UniProt Entry Name:	NDUS1_HUMAN

*Note: Protocols are specific to each batch/lot. For the correct instructions please follow the protocol included in your kit.

Before adding to wells, equilibrate the SABC working solution and TMB substrate for at least 30 min at 37 °C. When diluting samples and reagents, they must be mixed completely and evenly. It is recommended to plot a standard curve for each test.

Step	Protocol
1.	Set standard, test sample and control (zero) wells on the pre-coated plate respectively, and then, record their positions. It is recommended to measure each standard and sample in duplicate. Wash plate 2 times before adding standard, sample and control (zero) wells!
2.	Aliquot 0.1ml standard solutions into the standard wells.
3.	Add 0.1 ml of Sample / Standard dilution buffer into the control (zero) well.
4.	Add 0.1 ml of properly diluted sample ( Human serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids.) into test sample wells.
5.	Seal the plate with a cover and incubate at 37 °C for 90 min.
6.	Remove the cover and discard the plate content, clap the plate on the absorbent filter papers or other absorbent material. Do NOT let the wells completely dry at any time. Wash plate X2.
7.	Add 0.1 ml of Biotin- detection antibody working solution into the above wells (standard, test sample & zero wells). Add the solution at the bottom of each well without touching the side wall.
8.	Seal the plate with a cover and incubate at 37 °C for 60 min.
9.	Remove the cover, and wash plate 3 times with Wash buffer. Let wash buffer rest in wells for 1 min between each wash.
10.	Add 0.1 ml of SABC working solution into each well, cover the plate and incubate at 37 °C for 30 min.
11.	Remove the cover and wash plate 5 times with Wash buffer, and each time let the wash buffer stay in the wells for 1-2 min.
12.	Add 90 µL of TMB substrate into each well, cover the plate and incubate at 37 °C in dark within 10-20 min. (Note: This incubation time is for reference use only, the optimal time should be determined by end user.) And the shades of blue can be seen in the first 3-4 wells (with most concentrated standard solutions), the other wells show no obvious color.
13.	Add 50 µL of Stop solution into each well and mix thoroughly. The color changes into yellow immediately.
14.	Read the O.D. absorbance at 450 nm in a microplate reader immediately after adding the stop solution.

When carrying out an ELISA assay it is important to prepare your samples in order to achieve the best possible results. Below we have a list of procedures for the preparation of samples for different sample types.

Sample Type	Protocol
Serum	If using serum separator tubes, allow samples to clot for 30 minutes at room temperature. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1,000x g. Collect the serum fraction and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. If serum separator tubes are not being used, allow samples to clot overnight at 2-8°C. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1,000x g. Remove serum and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
Plasma	Collect plasma using EDTA or heparin as an anticoagulant. Centrifuge samples at 4°C for 15 mins at 1000 × g within 30 mins of collection. Collect the plasma fraction and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Note: Over haemolysed samples are not suitable for use with this kit.
Urine & Cerebrospinal Fluid	Collect the urine (mid-stream) in a sterile container, centrifuge for 20 mins at 2000-3000 rpm. Remove supernatant and assay immediately. If any precipitation is detected, repeat the centrifugation step. A similar protocol can be used for cerebrospinal fluid.
Cell culture supernatant	Collect the cell culture media by pipette, followed by centrifugation at 4°C for 20 mins at 1500 rpm. Collect the clear supernatant and assay immediately.
Cell lysates	Solubilize cells in lysis buffer and allow to sit on ice for 30 minutes. Centrifuge tubes at 14,000 x g for 5 minutes to remove insoluble material. Aliquot the supernatant into a new tube and discard the remaining whole cell extract. Quantify total protein concentration using a total protein assay. Assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤ -20 °C.
Tissue homogenates	The preparation of tissue homogenates will vary depending upon tissue type. Rinse tissue with 1X PBS to remove excess blood & homogenize in 20ml of 1X PBS (including protease inhibitors) and store overnight at ≤ -20°C. Two freeze-thaw cycles are required to break the cell membranes. To further disrupt the cell membranes you can sonicate the samples. Centrifuge homogenates for 5 mins at 5000xg. Remove the supernatant and assay immediately or aliquot and store at -20°C or -80°C.
Tissue lysates	Rinse tissue with PBS, cut into 1-2 mm pieces, and homogenize with a tissue homogenizer in PBS. Add an equal volume of RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitors and lyse tissues at room temperature for 30 minutes with gentle agitation. Centrifuge to remove debris. Quantify total protein concentration using a total protein assay. Assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤ -20 °C.
Breast Milk	Collect milk samples and centrifuge at 10,000 x g for 60 min at 4°C. Aliquot the supernatant and assay. For long term use, store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles.